Concert Pitch
1. The pitch that non-transposing instruments sound.
2. The tuning pitch of an ensemble. Instruments in a band or orchestra tune to the concert pitch which is typically the universal standard A' = 440 Hertz. While concert pitch is non-transposing, a variety of wind instruments, such as the trumpet, clarinet, and horn are transposing instruments, indicating that the pitch A', as relating to that instrument, will not be sounded as an A' concert pitch but rather a pitch called an A' on that instrument. Thus, when a B-flat trumpet plays an A' (first and second valves), the instrument is actually sounding a G' concert pitch.
Pitch
The specific quality of a sound that makes it a recognizable tone. Pitch defines the location of a tone in relation to others, thus giving it a sense of being high or low.
Transposing Instruments
Those instruments which are notated in one key on paper, yet sound another key when they are performed.
Tuning
The adjustment of the pitch of an instrument. Also, the set pitches to which an instrument is tuned.
Ensemble
A group of musicians that perform as a unit.
Instrument
Any device used to create music. The major classifications are woodwinds, brass, percussion, and stringed instruments. Keyboard instruments are sometime a separate category, although they produce sounds either by vibrating strings (as in the case of the piano, harpsichord, virginal, etc.) or by the flow of air (as in the organ). Electronic instruments, developed in the 20th century, form a new classification of instruments.
Band
A group of instrumental musicians who perform music from early music through the modern era. Bands are typically limited to wind and percussion instruments, but can include other instruments including voice.